India

ভারতবর্ষ  সম্পর্ক  পরুন

 Introduction

Our motherland India is a great country geographically and historically. Its size is so vast that it is sometimes called a 'subcontinent'. It is part of the Asian continent. But sometimes India itself seems like a continent. It extends from the ice-capped Himalayas to the coast of the Indian Ocean. The Indian Ocean stretches for thousands of kilometers from the Ganga delta to the Kutch and Indus valleys in Gujarat. It consists of the Great Plains in the north, the Khu Desert in the west, the Indo-Myanmar Highlands in the east, the Bandhu Plateau, the Ancient Highlands, the coconut-producing coastal plains in the south, and the high snow-capped mountains in the north. As it is located in the tropical region, the solar heat is high here. Monsoon rains increase the humidity of the region. Extreme heat and heavy monsoon rains continue to affect millions of Indians. This is our India, our destiny.

 In the words of Kavi Guru -

O Bhuvanamanomohini, mother

Agni is pure, sunny, and full of people.

Nilesindu watershed, Anilvicompit-Shyamal-Anchal, Ambchusthitavalhimachal, Subhratusharkiritini. The word "India" comes from the Greek word Indoi - the land near the river Indus. The Romans pronounced the name of this river as Indus and the next country was India. The Persians named this river Hindu (Indus was called Hindu) and the country east of it is Hindustan.

This country was named Bharat after the ancient king Bharata. In the Rikveda we find mention of a powerful king of the Arya race named Bharata. In the Aitareya Brahmana we find references to Bharata's coronation, Ashwamedha Yajna etc. He is called Adhiratha and Samrat (king of kings) in the Bhagavad Purana. He accelerated the Aryanization process. According to ancient legends, Bharata was the son of Dushmanta. Bharat is named after this Bharata. In fact, we are first introduced to the name Bharat in the Puranas. According to the Vishnu Purana the land north of the Ocean (Indian Ocean) and the land south of the Himalayas are known as India. This area here is home to "Bharatis" of Indian descent.

The north is the sea, and the south is the Himalayas.

Varsha Tad Bharatang Naam Bharati Jatra Santati:. (Vishnu Purana)

During the Buddhist period this country was known as Jambudwipa. In the Vedic period, Madhyadesa (Punjab and western Uttar Pradesh) meant the Aryan kingdoms, and Prachya (Eastern countries) meant the non-Aryan kingdoms of Magadha and Videha. Later, the words Brahmamottara and Aryavarta were used instead of Madhyadesa and Prachya. Aryavarta (land of the Aryans) meant the region between the Himalayas and the Vindhya mountains. And its southern part (up to Krishna river) is Dakshinapatha. Aryavarta meant the country from Kashmir to Cape Cameroon which is another name for Bharat or India.

• The natural environment and us

Looking at the evolution over time, a pattern of change is observed. Forest-dwelling Stone Age foragers depended on nature. They lived in fear and despair. Ancient Neolithic communities worshiped Mother Earth and tilled the soil with their own stone plows. They possessed abundant flora and diverse fauna and thus lived. The mighty Aryas composed hymns in praise of the forces of nature. But at the same time he also learned to control the forces of nature by controlling the rivers and shaping the formless earth. This ancient farming community lived in large and small villages on the fertile banks of the river that sheds its silt every year and the peaceful Ganges, Cities on the banks of the Yamuna and Kaveri saw the rise and fall of empires. In this vast sea of ​​people there are island-like cities made up of tiny communities. In dark and unsanitary workshops, workers and artisans give life to dead stone, make jewelry from glittering gold, and weave cloth with colorful cotton and silk threads.

On the other hand, another new form of that evolution is seen. Smoke is coming out of the chimney. The molten copper metal from the ore is converted into steel. The power of the raging tide is being tamed.

At each of these levels of journey through time we gradually learn to control nature. At first we were almost slaves to nature. Slowly but steadily we have learned to understand and cooperate with nature. With the great knowledge of science and technology, our contact with nature has increased. Only with our sensible nature are we able to communicate. We cannot oppose or ignore it, because we are its children. We are nurtured in the lap of nature and our existence depends on it. Our direction of development is greatly influenced by nature-provided opportunities. Nature creates the framework for improvement. Nature is our guide to get the best results. We should obey this rule for the sake of starting a new horizon.

We need to know how to use our natural resources in a reasonable way. Do not waste it quickly due to greed. Again, waste land should not be created by using these natural resources in large quantities. These natural resources should be used according to the laws of nature and rationally. This natural resource must be protected for future generations. We need to understand that we are only its users, not its rulers.

local relations

As we can see from geography, the Indian subcontinent is only a southern extension of the main Asian continent. The Indian peninsula extends into the Indian Ocean in such a way that it divides the ocean into two bodies of water, the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal (Figure ). These two seas stretch along the western and eastern coasts of India respectively and have also provided vast fisheries for the inhabitants of the adjoining regions. These two seas have played an important role in determining India's relationship with neighboring Africa, South West and South East Asia. Sometimes India and Asian peninsulas, Southeast Asian islands, The above two seas serve as a medium of easy communication between the coastal regions of West Asia and East Africa. At other times, this watershed has become a source of separation and hindrance in communication between people. Indian culture has been influenced by Far Eastern and Western countries through waterborne communication. The influence of these seafaring neighbors and their ever-increasing cultural elements have enriched Indian culture. On the other hand, again it is this sea which has created some isolation which has developed the identity of Indian civilization.

The unbroken mountain range stretching for thousands of kilometers in the north virtually forms a wall between India and Trans-Himalayas Asia. Because of this impenetrable mountain-chain, it is difficult to enter India from the north-east and north-west. As a result, our communication with Tibet, West and Central Asia is possible only through several passes located in high latitudes. It is this feature that has made India a semi-enclosed colony. It has also increased the identity and unity among the people of this country.

India occupies a large part of the world. Spread over an area of ​​about 32.8 lakh square kilometers, India is one of the largest countries in the world. But there are countries much bigger than India. The United States of America is almost three times the size of India (98.3 lakh sq km).

India is located in the Northern Hemisphere. The southernmost point of this peninsula is only a few degrees north of the equator (Figure). The Tropic of Cancer passes almost through the middle of this country. In the northernmost part of India are the Himalayas. These mountains originate from the Pami Gland, the Earth's roof in central Asia. Indian

At the southernmost point is the warm and humid Kanyakumari, which gradually narrows and merges into the sea. If one travels from the northernmost point to the southernmost point of the Indian mainland, he will cover a distance of 3,200 km. This surah has a latitudinal spread of about 30° which is one third of the latitudinal spread from the equator to the North Pole. Like North South, East West India has an extension of about 3000 km, its westernmost edge lies in the brackish creeks and submerged lowlands of the Rann of Kutch. On the other hand, the easternmost tip of India lies where Myanmar, China and India meet and where there are dormant hills and forests rich in prehistoric heritage. East-West longitude of India is about 30° which is Spain, France, Germany, Belgium is about the same longitudinal extent as the Netherlands and Poland and is one-twelfth of the Earth's circumference at the equator. When the sun rises in Arunachal Pradesh, it is still night in Saurashtra. But just two hours later the farmer of Kathiabar woke up and welcomed the morning sun.

Thus, our motherland is vast and extensive, though distance has lost its former significance in this jet age. One can have breakfast in Srinagar and lunch in Thiruvananthapuram in the same direction by plane, and he can go from Jamnagar to Guwahati within three hours of a Hindi movie.

•India and Eastern World

Let's take a look at the map of the East. The Indian Ocean stretches along the eastern coast of Africa and the southern coast of Asia. In ancient times Babylonian, Egyptian and Phoenician ships floated in this ocean. It was through this sea route that the Arab merchants used to do their business. Indian boats and ships have been plying this sea for at least four thousand years. In addition to trade goods along the Euphrates, Tigris and Nile valleys, they carried cultural ideas to Bali and sculptures to Cambodia and Indonesia.

The Indian Ocean unites this eastern world consisting of East Africa, West Asia, and South and Southeast Asia. The Mediterranean Sea is connected to the Indian Ocean by the Suez Canal. As a result, our direct influence can be seen in Southern Europe and North Africa as well.

India occupies an important place in the Indian Ocean. No other country bordering the Indian Ocean has such an extensive coastline as India. The Deccan Peninsula is located in the Indian Ocean in such a way that it has two-way connectivity from the western tip of India to West Asia, Africa and Europe and from the east coast to the Southeast and Far East. Countries other than Sri Lanka border the Indian Ocean. Hence the Indian Ocean is truly Indian.

The sea became a medium of communication much later. Rather, land has been the medium of local communication since the dawn of civilization. To understand this let's look at the map of India. The Himalayas stand like fortresses in the north and northwest of India. It seems that this almost unbreakable range of mountains separates us from the rest of the north. But this is just a misconception. This natural map of green, brown and dark brown often leads us astray. Mountains resist wind flow. But people found openings through gorges, river valleys and passes. Many reformers and soldiers as well as artists and craftsmen traveled this route. Bands of nomadic cultivators entered the fertile valleys of India on this open route without crossing the isolated high peaks. Buddhist monks went to Tibet this way. Then from there they went to China, Carried a message of peace to Korea and Japan. A Macedonian prince brought his army to India. With them came Greek architecture. Indian traders crossed these great heights with their various goods and established trade relations with Central Asia, Afghanistan and Iran. They also carried the story of Panchatantra. Mongols, Turks, Arabs and Iranians came to conquer India, but they settled here. In the words of the poet - Hethay Arya, Hethay Arya, Hethay Dravidian China...... will give and take, mix and match and will not go back to the shores of this great man of India. The Mughals brought with them the tradition of domes and minarets and took from India numerology, the decimal system and the ideas of the Upanishads. All these exchanges of ideas and goods were possible because our country was located near the main highways of ancient and medieval times. Decimal System and Upanishad Meditations. All these exchanges of ideas and goods were possible because our country was located near the main highways of ancient and medieval times.

India is the main channel of communication between East, West, Central and South Asia. We are not only interested in our own country. We do not live in a world divided into narrow localities. We are committed to improving human relations and bringing nations together.

• Neighbors of India

Like other countries of ancient civilizations, India's borders are largely natural and historically determined. The marginal seas of the Indian Ocean form the southern border of India and have a coastline almost as wide as the Earth's diameter. gave Traveling from New York to San Francisco covers almost the same distance. This sea separates several islands from the Indian mainland—such as the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal and the Laksha Islands in the Arabian Sea. India's closest maritime neighbor is Sri Lanka. The narrow waterways cut this landscape apart. On the eastern border of India and the Bay of Bengal are Myanmar, Myanmar, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam. Pakistan, Iran, Iraq and Arab countries are on the western border. To the far west of the Indian Ocean are Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya and Tanzania. To the south of Lakshadweep lies the Maldives (picture).

The Himalayas protect our northern border. Bordering the mountains lies the region of Xingqiah (Zhijiang) in China's Tarim Valley, where the ancient Kashgar (Kashin) and Khotan (Hotein) civilizations once flourished. Tajikistan is separated from India by Xinjiang and Afghanistan's Wakhan region to the west. South of India in this region is the state of the strict, independence-loving Pathans. Judged in this context, the northern edge of the Indian triangle has considerable diplomatic significance. Five Asian countries meet here: China (Xinjiang), Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India. On the northern and eastern borders of India lies Tibet, the land of the sacred lakes Kailash and Manas Sarovar. India has a long history of cultural and economic links with Tibet, which is politically associated with the Republic of China. To our north lies Nepal. India and Nepal have similarities geographically and historically. Many roads are connecting India and Kathmandu. Actions like controlling the Koshi River have strengthened the bond of friendship and cooperation between the two countries. Located on our north eastern border, Bhutan is famous for its natural beauty. India and Bhutan are bound by special ties. The high Himalayan mountains east of Bhutan create a divide between India and China. Tibet lies along this boundary of the McMahon Line. Its capital Lhasa is 300 km from the Indian border. Located in The Indian frontier extended further eastward through dense forests and complex mountainous terrain. This is the region where Myanmar, India and China meet. The eastern border of India is defined by the relatively low peaks of the Himalayan Mountains. The almost continuous range of Mishmi, Patkai and Naga mountains protect our eastern border. Beside them are Barali Range, Lusai Hills and Arkon Sloma. Covered by dense tropical forest, this ridge forms the border between India and Myanmar. Located in the middle of Myanmar, Mandalay is within 300 km of our eastern border. Lusai Hills and Arkon Sloma are located. Covered by dense tropical forest, this ridge forms the border between India and Myanmar. Located in the middle of Myanmar, Mandalay is within 300 km of our eastern border. Lusai Hills and Arkon Sloma are located. Covered by dense tropical forest, this ridge forms the border between India and Myanmar. Located in the middle of Myanmar, Mandalay is within 300 km of our eastern border.

The nature of these mountains separating us from our neighbors to the north and east is so complex that extensive communication through them was not possible in the past. Certainly there were some routes through which pilgrims went to Kailash and Manas Sarovar. However, the current communication medium was created in the last century. The historic Hindustan-Tibet road route extends through the Shatdru Gorge. Kashmir-Bel through the Karakoram Pass to cross the high peaks. The road widened to the north. A pass in Sikkim is the third major thoroughfare. Improvements in air transportation are overcoming this humiliating mountain barrier. For the first time in history our northern frontier has come alive. The mysteries of the Himalayas that used to attract only hermits and wandering tourists have today become the talk of politicians, diplomats and skilled armies.

A new political map of the Indian subcontinent was created after partition in 1947 (Figure). East Pakistan was formed in its eastern part. However, in 1971 it seceded from Pakistan and formed the independent republic of Bangladesh. Bangladesh is bordered by the states of West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram. The history of Kalibajan in Rajasthan, Harappa in Punjab and Mohenjodaro in Sindh is inextricably linked with Pakistan on our western border. Besides, the north of India is home to the hardworking Pathans. To its south lies the country of five rivers where the sounds of har and bhanara can be heard in golden wheat fields like in the villages of Amritsar and Jalandhar. Further south in the west lies the desert (Thar) of Rajasthan. Next to it is the Indus region which extends up to the Indus delta.

We are traditionally peaceful people. The Indian Army has rarely set foot on the soil of other countries. Historians have inferred ancient Indian trade goods from Indian temples in Cambodia, Buddhist manuscripts in Chinese monasteries, and objects recovered from ancient cities in Central Asia. But nowhere did they find any memorial of the Indian conquest. Indian history is the history of people who have tried to live in harmony with their neighbors. But we love the freedom that we have hard earned from a powerful colonial power. We love to defend this freedom self-sufficiently.

Geopolitical Importance of India

Geopolitics, according to the modern concept, is a complex approach to the discussion and analysis of dynamic political processes that operate in a wider area than a single state in the entire world. The stability and formation of a state essentially depends on the proper functioning of this dynamic process, which is guided by certain principles. In general, conflict between one state and another is inevitable and through conflict on the one hand and cooperation on the other, international policy is created which indirectly creates a sense of nationalism. Develop political consciousness. This is how the technological and ideological analysis of international political power changes slowly or rapidly over the ages. But the pattern of change has been different at different times. The Indian subcontinent has undergone many changes in the political landscape both pre- and post-independence, influenced by locational characteristics. People's political ideas are changing. This evolution of change has assumed an important role from the political perspective in different countries and states all over the world. In the context of Indian geopolitics, India's location, boundaries, formation of the Indian Republic, internal governance, foreign and domestic relations, foreign policy, Indian democratic ideology each have their own importance.

• Geographical location of India and its impact on geopolitics:

India or the Indian subcontinent is a country located between the Far East and the Middle East, which is geopolitically important mainly due to its location. Due to locational reasons, India is situated in connection with several dangerous regions. The shape of this subcontinent is like a triangle; To the south lies the Deccan plateau or peninsular region, to the north the Himalayas and the dense forests of the Terai and Duars, to the west the desert, Hilly land etc. in the east. All these have influenced the Indian geopolitics in various ways. For each of these divisions has by its own position created several well-marked frontier provinces, and created in the Indian landscape some fertile tracts of land whose superiority has, from ancient times to the present, enticed both enemy and friend to come to the country. Thus, the nature of geography and climate, which is largely influenced by location and geo-natural features, has occupied an important place in geopolitics, affecting the delimitation of the boundaries of the subcontinent, inter-state relations between nations and nations, trade and distribution of resources, etc.

Indeed, the political picture of India is very complex. Made in India based on Western ideas. Democratic government. But in practice it is not entirely guided by Western ideals. However, although the Indian polity is federal in structure, in practice it is unicentric. That is, despite the separation of central power and state power, the supreme authority of the center directly and indirectly or completely controls the governance of India, which is said in one sentence: “India's political structure is federal in concept but unitary in functioning. 'The Republic of India was founded on the basis of religious ideas based on two-nation ideology. But still it cannot be called Hindu Rashtra completely. Because although India's socio-economic structure is conducive to communism, This method was not much liked by the common people of India. Indian authoritarianism continues to maintain relations with all the nations and countries that have wronged and oppressed the people of India in the past. India is the world's largest democratic country with a population of about one sixth (1/6th) of the world's population. But India had to fight hard to get a permanent seat in the Security Council. India has never involved itself in a power struggle despite the latent potential within India to expand power over Asia or Afro-Asia. Rather, authoritarianism has pulled the arm of its power beyond South Asia. Thus geographical location, various conventional disagreements or contradictory but true various events and processes have contributed to India's geopolitical context by adopting experimental principles and the political restructuring of India is also based on its state, language,

• Emergence of Indian States and its impact on geopolitics: The history of the rise of India is more than 5000 years old, i.e. before the Indus Civilization. Then India became independent in 1947 through various events. India was not a democratic country until 1947 or before India became independent. Since the 1950s constitutional changes and policy adoption, India's political history has seen one success after another bring India to the world stage. India today is full of conglomerates of different languages, different religions and different cultures who consider their own land as their own land and hence its geopolitical context and a federal system of governance. One of the most important of the federal system of governance. A feature is the structure of the United States through a decentralization system, Where centrifugal force becomes more active. remains Again, in many cases, the United States is seen to be formed by breaking up large centralized states, a notable example of which is the United States of India. India was known as a unicentric state during the British period. Later, various independent states were born in India and the territories merged with each other constitutionally to form the United States of India. Although we use the word United States of India, in the Constitution it is called Union of States or States; In that case the word United States or Federation of States was not used. In fact, the architects of the constitution thought that the most important lesson of Indian history is - "We perish if we make the center weak". So N. Srinivasan also admitted that the Indian Constitution was— “Noticeably Centripetal” . So for this we see Indian Constitution by invoking Article 355 356 the Central Government can interfere in the internal affairs of the State. But why was the word "Union of States" used instead of "Federation of States" in the Indian Constitution? And. Ambedkar said that the right of any state to secede would not be recognized from the United States of India. So the issue remains controversial.

Geopolitics of India – Border region and administrative setting of India (Geopolitics with special reference to border states & administrative setting of India):

India's borders and border regions: India is a vast country located in the south of the Asian continent. India's borders are Bangladesh and the Bay of Bengal to the east, Pakistan and the Arabian Sea to the west, the Republic of China, Afghanistan and Nepal to the north, Sri Lanka and the Indian Ocean to the south, India's northern and eastern border provinces with the exception of Bangladesh and mountainous Myanmar, and the southern border to the Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean. In this judgment, India's borders are essentially natural. The only exception is the boundary between Bangladesh and Myanmar in the east and Pakistan in the west, which is determined as a result of the partition of the country. This boundary is political.

15,200 km of India. Long region June has land borders. NW and NW of the border region

The side is surrounded by the towering Himalayan mountain range. The Himalayas form the natural boundary between India and China with its topographical and geographical features. On the other hand, the Himalayas are also identified as a means of determining international boundaries between Jammu and Kashmir in the west, Siqiang in China and India and Tibet in the north. The position of the buffer state of Nepal to the north and the high ridge of Bhutan to the east known as the McMahon Line define the international boundary between India and China.

On the other hand, India's artificial border with Pakistan in the west has not been satisfactory in all respects. Because most of such international borders are similar in terms of transport and communication and other essential services on both sides of the border, i.e. India and Pakistan shared a thousand years ago undivided Punjab state had substantial unity in biological, political, cultural, cultural and economic aspects but the partition. Later, some parts of Punjab state went to India and some parts went to Pakistan. But the region's natural affinities did not help in demarcation, hence the dispute over the India-Kashmir border region.

Determining India's eastern boundary is the branch of the Himalayas that stretches from west to east and forms the natural boundary between India and Myanmar, extending north-south with a great bend at the eastern border of Arunachal State. Among the mountains located here, the main ranges are Patkai, Naga, Lusai, Arkanwama etc. The Arakan Yoma Range penetrates the Bay of Bengal in the south and rises slightly further south to form the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

The other boundary to the east is purely political. Because West Bengal is located on one side of Bangladesh located in the east. Between the border of West Bengal and Bangladesh lies a plain which is actually the confluence valley of the Gahaga Brahmaputra. Due to the absence of any huge mountains on the northern border of Bangladesh, the free movement of people of the two countries through this political boundary has spread a special influence in the geopolitics, land-strategies along the India-Bangladesh border.

India's other boundary is defined by the great ocean, the Great Ocean. The geographical area of ​​the coast line of this landlocked India is 6100 km. In terms of location, the Indian Ocean to the south, the Bay of Bengal to the east and the Arabian Sea to the west are the natural boundaries. Since historical times, this water border of India has been used as an international trading area and it is through this route that the British came to India for commercial reasons. Currently, India's maritime transport system is very advanced in terms of technology, so this water border is in a very secure condition.

Apart from the main borders of India, the locations of the border areas are also known as passes. These passes are located in the Himalayas. Famous among them are Pirpanchal in Jammu and Kashmir and Rotang Pass in Himachal Pradesh. Besides, Jahore Tunnel, Zojila Tunnel, Nathula Tunnel connecting Srinagar and Jammu continue to connect with India through China and Sikkim. Various passes and tunnels like Shikila, Bafargara and Bachangpan in Himachal Pradesh continue to connect India with neighboring regions by removing the barrier of the Himalayas.

Apart from the border areas described above, the international boundaries that now lie between India's neighboring regions need to be discussed differently.

• International boundaries of India:

1. The Indo-China Border: The border dispute between the two countries over the Indo-China border area escalated to such an extent that China invaded India in 1962. Among the reasons for this attack 

(a) China declared the war to be an attempt to bring under Chinese central rule the regions that had declared themselves independent as a result of the Chinese infighting and the areas that had once been under the Chinese monarchy.

(b) This onslaught on housing demand as a result of China's rapid population growth.

(c) The construction of a road through Akshi China requires the acquisition of some territory, as this road is also necessary for strategic reasons.

(d) There is also considerable difference in the ideologies of the two countries. Because India has a democratic and non-aligned government, while China has a clan-based communist (communist)-aligned dictatorship.

 (e) India used to help the Dalai Lama of Tibet and also in various ways with industrial culture or weapons.

Apart from the political reasons mentioned above, China claimed a large part of India's northern border area as part of China at that time. In 1992, Sun Yat-sen mapped and mapped the 1,32,000 sq km Indian state. China claimed the territory and after the war in 1962, a large part of India was occupied by China. It has been observed that China claims much of what it claims. Later, efforts were made to solve the problem of delimitation of the two states through various discussions. China's refusal to recognize the McMahon Line as the border on the Indian side has remained problematic. 3.440 km. The long border has always been disputed and is now unresolved. Although there is a Line of Control between the two countries, it is a non-relationship

1976 Human and Cho-Na conflict

Arunachal border conflict in 1987

In 2017, tensions centered around India's construction of a road near Dokanom (Bhutan border).

On the night of 15 June 2020, an attack by Chinese troops on unarmed Indian troops in the Gamtian Valley along the Line of Actual Control in Ladakh resulted in the death of 20 Indian soldiers.

2. The Pakistan Boundary: The India Pakistan Boundary passes through the Rann of Kutch through Rajasthan, Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir. Radcliffe defined this boundary line through land. In this regard, Pakistan claims that the Kachherran area was not divided as a wetland area and further demanded that the area should be divided equally between Pakistan and India. According to the international boundary in 1969

Reorganization was done and 9065 sq km area of ​​Rann of Kutch was donated to Pakistan. India has another territorial dispute with Pakistan. It is the border region between Jammu and Kashmir of India and Pakistan. Several areas of Kashmir are claimed by Pakistan and there have been repeated disputes over the area.

3. Indo-Bangladesh Border: Indo-Bangladesh Border has an area of ​​3,970 km and 2450 km of it. Determined over land. The main border dispute between Bangladesh and India is over Srihatta, Garo, Khasia and India's Jayanthi Hills region. Because this area is densely forested, there are many difficulties in drawing the boundary line here. As a result, the Radcliffe line remains intact as claimed by India. With easy access between Bangladesh and India, infiltration has always been possible. In this case, there is also a disagreement in barbed wire fencing. However, despite these differences, political relations between the two countries have improved considerably and are largely barbed wire fenced.

4. Indo-Myanmar Border: About 870 km of Indo-Myanmar border follows the watershed and about one-third of the area follows the flow and the rest follows almost a straight line border. India-Myanmar border has always been friendly.

5. Indo-Nepal Border: This border was drawn in 1858 and there is no room for conflict between the two countries over this border, although Nepal has recently redrawn the country's map by claiming parts of India as its own.

6. Indo-Bhutan Border (Indo-Bhutan Border): Long before India's independence, this border was fixed on the basis of the Treaty between Sanchula Bhutan and Great Britain in 1865. Currently India guards the border with Bhutan.