Weathering

 

 Weathering 

Con Concept Meteorology is one of the physical methods used to change landforms. The word meteorology comes from the weather. Therefore, by meteorology we mean those who cause changes in the earth's surface. That is meteorological hall. A type of transformation process by which rocks, soils, etc. break down and fall to the surface. Climate is a natural process that is thought to precede soil formation. By this process education is broken into small pieces and shattered. These fragments play a major role in the formation of soil in later times. As a result of meteorology, the hard rock on the surface of the earth becomes flexible and decomposes, but the dispersed object does not change its position. So it is a stable process. At the same time it is a complex process. 

Def According to Chorley's definition, "meteorology refers to the erosion and incoherence of the contact between the climatic elements of rocks and minerals." According to the famous geologist W. D. Dharnberry, "Climate is the disintegration of a rock in its place (weathering may be defined as the desintegration of rock in place.)! Scientist c. D. According to O'Leary (1974), "the breaking down and alteration of materials near the earth's surface to products that are more in equilibrium is called the weathering. with newly imposed physico - chemical condition.). Climate is the breakdown of rocks from the same place in different natural processes and chemical reactions under the influence of different elements of the weather. Climate is the formation of crustal rocks in contact with various elements of the atmosphere, The structural breakdown and alteration of minerals that can be caused by physical or chemical processes or any one of these processes can be said to be due to the crushing of surface rocks by various natural forces or by contact with air and water. This type of crushing and dissolving of minerals, including rocks, is called meteorology.

According to geologist Stller, weathering is the general form of rock that is externally crushed and chemically decomposed in the process of exposure to or near the surface of the earth. chemically because of exposure at or near earth's surface.). P. According to Richie (P. Riche, 1950), any rock or mineral that was previously in a deep equilibrium in the rock, but later in the open, reacts with the atmosphere, atmosphere and, above all, with the biosphere, is called a meteorite. weathering is the response of materials which were in equilibrium within the lithosphere to conditions at or near its contact with the atmosphere, the hydrosphere and perhaps still importantly, the biosphere. 

Cha Characteristics According to modern geologists, natural forces and meteorology help in the formation of soils including surface formation. But their nature and intensity vary according to the climate. No movement of an object separated by meteorology can be observed. So some of the important features of this process can be noticed, they are discussed

 (i) By this process the intrusive rock layers become deformed and penetrate, resulting in rapid erosion of the rock layers.

 (ii) Climate occurs in different regions. But Duricrust, especially in fatigued areas, in the process of permeability and capillary

(iii) Produces several small landforms by meteorology. As a result of climate change, mounds, tors, weathering pit, box pit, etc. are formed in the rock. Is easily obtained by mastering.

(iv) The level of shambhu iron and aluminum observed in laterite in the tropics is due to subsequent reactions. 

• Related Processes (Attached Processes) The topics that are closely related to climate change are discussed below.

  Erosion: 

The rock is never moved by meteorology, but stays in the same place. Again, rivers, winds, glaciers, seas, all these natural forces break the rock. All this energy carries these broken rocks elsewhere. Since the rock where it is broken is not there, we will call it erosion. Forgiveness is the removal of crushed material from the original rock by various kinetic natural forces. 

Ud Denudation: 

These two processes together are called nudity. In meteorological conditions and subsequent erosion, the interior of the main rock is exposed. This is called nudity. When the nudity is exposed to the weather below, then the weathering begins again in that open rock layer. That is, if the eroded part is removed elsewhere as a result of forgiveness, the rest of the crust becomes uncovered. This type of change is called nudity. That is, when the lower rock layer in the nagnibhavan is exposed to the weather, then the weathering begins again in that open rock layer. 

(1) Controls of Weathering 

Climate controls are not the same in all parts of the world or at the same level. Again its method, type and nature are not the same everywhere. Its cargul is as follows Defect etc. The higher the retention in the rock layer, the higher the meteorology. When cracks appear in the rock layer, water enters it and turns into ice, which leads to meteorology. Or if the roots of the plant enter the crack, the rate of meteorology increases. Climate occurs very slowly when the porosity of the rock is low or if it is hard in nature. Meteorology occurs quickly because water can easily penetrate the coarse-grained sandstone. Because the slate is sensitive to rocks, it rises like a rock as a result of weathering. If the amount of Avro (mica) in the cyst is high then meteorological disturbances occur or chemical meteorological disturbances can be noticed as a result of rain water entering the limestone. The formation of rocks in a place regulates meteorology. Rock formation is generally the elasticity of the rock which depends on the presence of retention in the rock. Rock-forming minerals such as calcite, When water is mixed with gypsum, the dissolution process begins. Due to the high content of minerals like calcium, magnesium, potassium etc., the rock melts easily due to the effect of the carbonic acid which is formed in the mixture of carbon dioxide in the water and the atmosphere.

[2] Hardness and Texture of Rock: 

The intensity and speed of the reaction depends on the hardness of the rock forming minerals. Some minerals are very hard, such as diamonds, topaz, quartz, etc., all of which have a hardness of more than 7, according to the mineral hardness fascination scale, are not easily affected by meteorology. But the hardness of the minerals in the rocks is less than 7 according to the Mohs scale, such as talc, gypsum, Climate is more noticeable in the rocks formed by them. The formation of rocks affects meteorology. The composition of the rock depends on the composition of the minerals in the rock. There are two types of rock ethanol - coarse or fine. Climate occurs slowly as the rock crystals formed by the fine granules are closely intertwined. But because the coarse-grained rock particles are not firmly organized, the pair of particles is easily damaged which cannot easily withstand the weather. 

3 The degree and nature of climate change is almost entirely controlled by climate. The two main components of climate are temperature and precipitation. Climate controls mechanical weathering almost everywhere in the world. Mechanical meteorology is more prevalent in desert areas due to overdevelopment or the difference in development between day and night. In the Ushu region, the expansion of the rock layer during the day and the contraction of the rock layer due to the decrease in temperature at night. If it continues like this, cracks are created in the rock layer and mechanical weathering occurs. Two - Scientist Greenfield thinks that the location of minor minerals in the desert area reminds us that chemicals are happening here. In the equatorial climate, high rainfall and high temperatures throughout the year result in both mechanical and chemical meteorological conditions. Tropical monsoon climate Prolonged rainfall in the region results in a kind of dry season. In this region, in the washing process, the protruding salt particles above the rock layer go down or rise in the capillary process. This is how laterite is created. Thus both types of chemical weathering occur in tropical monsoon climates. 

[4] Ground Slope: 

The land slope of a region regulates the climate of that region. Depending on the slope of the land, the amount of water, the rate of meteorology and the removal of meteorological substances. In order to accelerate the chemical climate, the height of the land needs to be moderate and the slope of the land needs to be mounded. Again, when the slope of the land is high, the crushed rock is removed along the steep slope due to mechanical meteorology and falls down and is exposed to meteorology again. In low-slope areas, water enters the soil for chemical drainage due to the location of drainage system. 

[5] Organism: 

The importance of the biosphere in the control of climate is immense. Different types of plants, including zodiac, number of animals and nature play important role in different types of meteorology. The roots of the plant penetrate inside the rock and break the rock. Again, the sap that comes out of the decaying leaves of the tree helps to cause the chemical climate of the rock. In the same way moss, lichen, algae located on the rock help to retain water on the rock. These tiny plants produce rotting humus. When rainwater falls on this humus, organic acids are formed which subsequently accelerates the chemical reaction of rocks formed by compounds of basalt, magnesium, feldspar and sulfur. In addition to plants, a variety of insects, including small animals such as earthworms, rats, rabbits, and dogs, dig holes in rocks to help with climate change. 

[6] Time: 

Time is identified as one of the regulators of meteorology. This is because the amount of meteorology depends on how long a rock has been exposed to the earth's surface, or how long it has been buried underground. If rock exposure occurs over a long period of time, the level of meteorology will be higher. On the other hand, if a rock has been lying on the surface for a short period of time, then the meteorological changes will not occur in that rock. For example, sedimentary rocks in the tropics are hardened by the oxidation of iron oxides after they have been in nature for a long time. However, not all types of rocks have the same climate. 

[7] Rocks color: 

Rock color plays an indirect role in climate, though not directly. Rocks that are light in color are less capable of absorbing sunlight. So it takes time to get heated. Such as chalk, marble, limestone etc. The darker the color of the rocks, the higher the heat absorption capacity of the rocks, the faster they heat up, and the more mechanical weathering occurs. In this way different regulators help to create meteorology on the rocks located in different parts of the world.

 Mechanical Weathering 

• The concept that only the physical i.e. external condition of the rock layer changes but there is no change in the structure of the internal molecules of the rock is called mechanical meteorology. That is to say, due to the increase and decrease of pressure by different kinds of natural forces (heat, precipitation, wind, rivers, snow, glaciers, etc.) the rock on the surface of the earth is crushed and crushed into small rocks and stays on the original rock, then it is called mechanical meteorology. In other words, mechanical meteorology is the formation of structural and textural climatic elements in a rock under mechanical conditions. This process is mainly observed in subtropical and cold climates. In this case, the rock breaks due to the tension created by the tension between the energy generated inside and outside the rock.

Processes of Mechanical Weathering 

In the process of mechanical meteorology, when a rock is crushed, the shape and condition of the rock does not change. Large boulders explode and crumble into relatively small boulders. But the core of the rock remains the same. The stresses and strains that cause mechanical weathering are controlled by a number of factors. The landforms that are formed as a result of this meteorology are caused by a number of processes which are discussed below.

{1} Unloading 

Volcanic sedimentary and metamorphic rock layers are located much deeper below the surface and more pressure can be observed there. Subsequent erosion and erosion of the land caused the rock to expand and expand as the pressure from the lower rock layer decreased. This causes cracks and fissures in the rock. These cracks extend more parallel to the surface, and the large boulder separates into many leaf-like parts. 

2 She Sheeting 

Many call the process of disintegration a process of disintegration, like the loss of a rock. But it is a different process of mechanical meteorology. Generally, when the pressure decreases at the regional level, huge rocks deviate from the main rock in the shape of sheet. Later, these rock-like layers become large boulders, and then the gravel pulls them down to the bottom. The formation of this type of plate can be noticed in the Nice rock layer of Joychandi hills of Purulia. 

3 The Thermal Expansion and Weathering 

Any rock is composed of different types of minerals. The heat from the sun's rays falling on the rock expands the surface layer of the rock and compresses it as the temperature decreases. If this continues for a long time, the binding of minerals in the rock loosens and the rock breaks. As a result of such contraction and expansion, the rocks become tiny particles. Again, it varies according to the season. 

{4} Ice or Salt Crystal Growth  

As the crystals of different salt minerals increase, mechanical expansion is created by creating expansion balls around. When water or salt crystallizes in the cracks of the rock, its volume increases and tension is created inside the rock. So the rock breaks down mechanically. This process is called kelasan. When liquid water enters the rock layer in the polar climate, it becomes crystalline as the water cools. When its volume increases again, cracks are formed in the rock layer and later the cracks expand and mechanical weathering occurs in the rock. This process is called frost weathering by many. In the same way, the salt dissolved in water causes crystallization in the cracks of the rock, but the rock breaks down mechanically. 

Mo Moisture Swelling due to water vapor Open rock on the surface of the rock swells or expands by absorbing water from the atmosphere, or changes the volume of these rocks when water vapor is released directly into the atmosphere under the influence of sunlight. As a result, temperature-related mechanical weathering occurs in the rock 

When mechanical weathering regulators (i.e. temperature, precipitation) fall on a rock continuously and periodically, the character of the rock changes. That is, the rock becomes loose as it becomes pure and moist. Which is broken down by a process of mechanical meteorology called relaxation. Here, if the condition of the rock layer is repeatedly cleansed and moistened, then the thin layer-like cone or shell is released in the rock layer. 

For mechanical meteorology excluding the main processes in question. There are some minor but important processes. They are

(a) Cavitation of bubbles which bursts in water causing pressure on the rock. 

(b) Friction (abrasion) which occurs when one rock falls on another rock causing friction. 

(c) Mechanical collapse which occurs when the foot of a rock layer is eroded and the upper part collapses. 

(d) Colloid plucking which is a tiny component of soil called 'colloid'. Colloid is a type of adhesive made up of organic and mineral substances. When this colloid dries out, the process of rock removal takes place through the production of colloids in the soil. As a result, the upper part of the rock layer falls off. 

(e) Again, as a result of a large meteorite colliding with a rock, as if the rock were broken into pieces. Or a nuclear explosion causes a climate change in the rock. 

Classification of mechanical meteorology 

Type of Mechanical Weathering Mechanical meteorology occurs through various processes. The main types of this meteorology are discussed below 

[1] Block Disintegration: 

One of the types of mechanical weathering is direct disintegration. Rock is a conductor of heat. But in the Uyghur region it felt very hot during the day and very cold at night

Yes. During the day the heat of the sun expands as the upper part of the rock heats up but the inner part of the rock cannot absorb as much heat so the rock cannot expand as much. Again during the day as the upper part expands, Exactly that night the contraction is so cold. In this way, after a long walk, a pressure is created between the top and the bottom of the rock. When the value of this compression exceeds a certain limit, some finite and vertical cracks are formed in the rock. At one time the rock between the various cracks or the main rock was crushed and separated. The same stone is called separation. The shape of the rock that breaks from the main rock is much like a square or rectangle. This is called block disintegration. If the shape has different angles, it is called angular disintegration. In cold climates, the water between the cracks and sediments of the rock becomes crystalline and turns into ice, creating pressure inside the rock. This causes the rock cracks to expand and split into many smaller cubic pieces. Is created. This causes the rock cracks to expand and split into many smaller cubic pieces. Is created. This causes the rock cracks to expand and split into many smaller cubic pieces. 

[2] Exfoliation: 

Exfoliation is another type of mechanical weathering. This type of improvement is due to variation. Convection is a significant process of thermal expansion of mechanical meteorology. This type of meteorology occurs in rocks that are of the same nature, that is, a combination of minerals. In other words, the difference in the improvement of the surface can be noticed more than the bottom of the rock layer. 

The result is greater contraction and expansion. As a result of this contraction and expansionary stress, the lower part of the rock layer expands, but the lower part does not. The surface of the rock becomes more heated and increases in volume. As a result, it peels off or comes out slowly like an onion peel from the rock layer below. This is called sound release. Convulsions can be seen in homogeneous rock granite. In this way, when the outer part of the rock is opened layer by layer, the outer shape of the rock becomes round. On the other hand, in the rocks where the sediments are located parallel to the ground, the change in temperature can be observed.

[3] Granular Disintegration:

 Minerals increase or decrease in size at different rates depending on the temperature of the heterogeneous rock composed of multiple minerals. This is because the relative heat of different minerals causes different minerals to collide with each other and come out and the rock is crushed. After the sunset in the desert, the rupture is like the sound of a pistol. This is called tiny particle dispersion. This process is seen to occur after sunset in the region.

 Darker minerals, in general, tend to expand faster and absorb more heat than lighter colored minerals. Finally, it can be said that playing in the desert or in the desert produces a lot of sand in this way. Since one mineral is made up of different elements, and they are in a state of union among themselves. But when the climatic conditions in the rock are broken, then the rock fragments become small particles. 

[4] Other Types: 

Apart from the above mentioned main mechanical meteorologies, some other minor mechanical meteorologies can be observed which are discussed in the dance.

(a) Boulder Cleaving: When a large mass of UV is bound between a fine-grained and dense cohesive rock, contraction and expansion due to unevenness of heat absorption between these two elements cause cracks parallel to the surface. As the fissure expands, the pebbles or rocks become detached from the ground. This method is called boulder fracture.

(b) Dirt Cleaving is one of the cracks in various rocks. When sand dirt accumulates, then the rosary or bully sand solidifies for a long time. This is called rupture in contact with dirt. This process is relatively simple if the rocks are of different sizes. This type of climate can be seen in the deserts of the southern part of Australia.

(5) Landforms produced by weathering 

Landforms Produced by Weathering Different types of small and large landforms are formed due to the effect of rock meteorology. The process of meteorology is mainly divided into two parts. Namely mechanical meteorology and chemical meteorology. According to these two processes, landforms can be divided into two categories. Namely: (A) Mechanical meteorological topography (B) Chemical meteorological topography In many cases these two processes combine to form a topography, but any one of the processes plays an active role in the formation of a topography. Basically, meteorology alone cannot create landforms in a particular area. In many cases river erosion or other processes play an active role in land formation. The following are the landforms caused by meteorology: 

Forms Landforms Produced by Mechanical Weathering

 Different types of landforms are created only for mechanical meteorology. But many landforms can be observed on the surface with which there is direct contact of mechanical meteorology, they are discussed below.

[1] Unloading Dome: 

Loss of weight due to the mechanical weathering of the rock due to weight loss. Its surface is cut like an onion peel, creating high rounded topography in layers. The height of this dome is several hundred feet high. The protruding rock protrudes from the surface as a result of long-term erosion and bends like a bow at the top to reduce the upper load, which is very domed in shape.  

[2] Hoodoo Rocks: 

Hoodoo rocks are columns formed as a result of discriminatory mechanical weathering. The uneven mechanical weathering in the rock layer often results in the formation of small, raised rocks of various shapes known as hoodu rocks. These rocks stand side by side like arches. 

[3] Talas (Scree):

 Due to the effect of sunlight on snow in the highlands, rock cracks expand and form various sharp or angled rock fragments. This type of rock can be seen in the Ladakh Plateau of India. 

[4] Unloading Sheet: 

The removal of rocks above the surface causes the upper layer of rock below to expand due to reduced pressure. This layer is larger in size and thicker. Separates the layer of wide cracks parallel to the ground. Again, this kind of expansive lining opens up the slopes on both sides of the 'V' shaped river valley. This type of landform can be seen in the 'V' shaped valleys in the sandy areas of the Colorado Plateau.

[5] Ken - Sprang:

 The cracks that cause large boulders to split into smaller chunks, usually called Kensprang, are caused by the heat of the sun's rays. Although initially thought to be the result of spontaneous expansion of small cracks between granite rocks, according to geologist Oshier, such cracks are of the same nature as pressure-reducing expansion cracks. 

[6] Tor: 

Tor is a notable landform in extreme climates. As groundwater rises and falls between the cracked rock layers, the dolarite and granite rocks gradually erode and recede into the upper rock layer. And the topography of the topsoil is exposed, and the topography of the topsoil is known as tor. Their height is 5 to 20 meters. Granite is a landform that has accumulated over a long period of time and is subsequently formed as a result of deep climatic conditions. The rocky terrain is usually steeply sloping over the surrounding soft slope area. 

[7] Inselberges: 

In arid or semi-arid climates or in desert areas, the remaining round mountains with round or flat tops are raised steeply above their adjacent plains due to mechanical weathering. Such land is created mainly due to the erosion of climate. The height of this inselbird is sometimes more than 500 feet when it is located at a narrow height above the corresponding plain. 

[8] Felsen meer:

 ​​Felsen meer is a land covered with rocky outcrops in the cold and highlands. This type of landform originates mainly through meteorology as a result of Tuhin's work. EJ Wealand first used the term chunchan floor in 1934. Regoliths formed as a result of prolonged deep weathering on various rock formations in humid tropics or in areas formed by granite rock, The flattening that results from the partial or complete removal of that substance by the depletion of various natural forces is called the crushing surface. According to geologist Wealand, the depth of the meteorite is greater than 10 m in the rest of the rock, excluding all the rocks that participate in chemical meteorological fluctuations due to seasonal climate differences. And later on, when the land surface rises due to the action of geothermal energy in that area, meteorological substances are removed. Later, if a new deep meteorological change is made on the stable land, then similar meteorological material will be created and it will be removed again. So the repetition of this process can be noticed and here the bed rock is parallel as a result of rock unveiling. Then similarly meteorological substances will be created and removed again. So the repetition of this process can be noticed and here the bed rock is parallel as a result of rock unveiling. Then similarly meteorological substances will be created and removed again. So the repetition of this process can be noticed and here the bed rock is parallel as a result of rock unveiling. 

[9] Corestone: 

According to geologist LD Linton (1955), Corestone and Tor are formed in two stages. Originally in a region Thor was formed in the next stage after the formation of Corstone in the first stage. Corestones are basically fragments that are separated from the main rock by mechanical weathering at high temperatures. Such concentric rocks are found in Africa, Southeast Asia, Brazil, and Mexico. 

[10] Earth Pillar: 

When a loose and soft rock layer or a large pebble or rock is placed on top of the soil layer due to mechanical weathering, these rocks protect the surrounding rock or soil from natural forces such as rain and wind. When the earthenware is placed in the shape of a small pillar around the main rock, it is called a clay pillar.